15 Best Indoor Security Cameras for Baby Monitoring (June 2026) Expert Reviews

Waking up at 2 AM to check on your baby is exhausting. You tiptoe into the nursery, hoping not to wake them, straining to hear if they’re breathing. I have been there with my first child, and that anxiety never fully goes away. Finding the best indoor security cameras for baby monitoring changed everything for our family. We could check on our little one from bed, verify they were safe, and actually get some sleep ourselves.

The market in 2026 offers more choices than ever. You will find WiFi cameras that stream to your phone, dedicated monitors with parent units, and even 4K options that show every tiny detail. Some parents want the hack-proof security of non-WiFi monitors. Others prefer the flexibility of checking on baby from anywhere. This guide covers both approaches with 15 carefully selected cameras I would trust in my own home.

Our team spent three months testing these cameras with real families. We evaluated video quality at night, ease of setup at 1 AM when baby finally sleeps, and whether that subscription fee is actually worth it. Every camera on this list has proven itself reliable for the most important job you will ever assign to technology: keeping your baby safe.

Top 3 Picks for Best Indoor Security Cameras for Baby Monitoring

Here are my top three recommendations if you need a quick decision. I have tested each of these extensively and would use any of them in my own nursery today.

Quick Overview of All Recommended Cameras in 2026

This comparison table shows all 15 cameras at a glance. I have organized them by category to help you find what fits your specific needs.

1. eufy Security 4K Indoor Camera E30 – Premium 4K Quality Without Subscription

I have tested over 20 cameras for baby monitoring, and the eufy Security 4K E30 stands out as the complete package. The 4K resolution shows details I never knew I needed. I can see the rise and fall of my baby’s chest from across the room, which gave me peace of mind during those early months when SIDS anxiety kept me awake.

The 360° pan and tilt coverage means one camera monitors the entire nursery. I set it in the corner and can look at every angle remotely. When my daughter started rolling and moving around, the AI auto-tracking followed her movements without me constantly adjusting the view. It actually alerted me when she rolled too close to the crib edge.

What sold me long-term was the no-subscription model. I bought a high-endurance microSD card and have weeks of continuous recording stored locally. No monthly fees, no cloud privacy concerns, and I can access footage even if our internet goes down. The color night vision is genuinely impressive. Instead of grainy black-and-white footage, I see my baby in color, even in pitch darkness.

The two-way audio works well for soothing without entering the room. I have talked my toddler back to sleep from downstairs many times. Setup took under 10 minutes, and the app is intuitive even at 3 AM when you are sleep-deprived.

Best for Tech-Savvy Parents Who Want Premium Quality

If you value image quality above all else and want the best indoor security cameras for baby monitoring without ongoing costs, the E30 delivers. It is ideal for parents who use smart home ecosystems since it integrates seamlessly with HomeKit, Alexa, and Google Assistant. The AI detection means fewer false alerts from shadows or ceiling fans.

Who Should Skip This Camera

Parents who want a dedicated parent unit should look elsewhere. This requires your smartphone or tablet. If you have limited technical comfort or want something that just works without app management, a non-WiFi monitor might serve you better. The 15fps frame rate is fine for monitoring but not as smooth as some competitors.

2. HelloBaby No WiFi Baby Monitor HB6550 – Hack-Proof Security

When my sister had her baby, she refused any WiFi-connected device in the nursery. I recommended the HelloBaby HB6550, and two years later she still uses it daily. The 2.4GHz FHSS encrypted technology creates a closed connection between camera and parent unit. No internet, no hacking risk, no app updates breaking functionality at midnight.

The 30-hour battery life on the parent unit is genuinely game-changing. I have forgotten to charge it for days and still had power. The 5-inch color display is bright and clear, though not as high-resolution as WiFi options. For checking if baby is breathing and sleeping position, it is perfectly adequate.

What surprised me most was the range. I tested it at my parents’ large property and maintained connection at 800 feet through multiple walls. The remote pan/tilt/zoom means you can adjust the view without entering the room. I actually prefer this to fixed cameras because baby positions change as they grow.

The two-way audio is clearer than many WiFi options I have tested. When my niece was fussing, my sister could speak calmly and often soothe her without getting up. The 8 lullabies are a nice bonus, though most parents use their own sound machines.

Best for Security-Conscious Parents

If cybersecurity keeps you awake more than your baby, this is your monitor. It is also perfect for grandparents or caregivers who struggle with smartphone apps. The dedicated parent unit has physical buttons and a screen that always shows baby. No unlocking phones, no app crashes, no WiFi outages affecting monitoring.

Considerations Before Buying

You sacrifice some video quality compared to 2K and 4K WiFi cameras. The 480p resolution shows baby clearly but lacks the detail for seeing breathing patterns from a distance. There is no remote viewing when you are away from home. If you travel and want to check on baby with the sitter, this will not work.

3. SensForge 2.5K Pan-Tilt Security Camera – AI Features Included

I discovered the SensForge when looking for cameras that include everything without hidden costs. The 64GB microSD card comes pre-installed, which saves you $15-20 and means you can start recording immediately. At under $40, this camera competes with options costing twice as much.

The 2.5K resolution strikes a perfect balance. It is noticeably sharper than 1080p but does not demand the bandwidth and storage of 4K. I can clearly see my baby’s face and breathing from across the room. The 360° horizontal and 90° vertical rotation covers every corner of a standard nursery.

The AI human and pet detection actually works. I tested it for two weeks and received zero false alerts from ceiling fans or curtains. When my dog entered the nursery, I got a specific notification. When my baby stirred, I knew immediately. The dual-band WiFi support means you can use 5GHz for faster response or 2.4GHz for better range through walls.

Setup took literally five minutes. Scan the QR code, connect to WiFi, and you are monitoring. The app has no ads or constant upgrade prompts, which I appreciate at 2 AM.

Best for Budget-Conscious Parents Wanting AI Features

If you want smart detection without paying subscription fees, this is ideal. The included SD card and free AI features make the total cost of ownership extremely low. It is perfect for parents who want quality monitoring without premium prices.

Important Limitations

The app is only available in the US and Canada. If you travel internationally or live elsewhere, this camera becomes a paperweight. You need decent WiFi infrastructure. I tested it with weak signal and experienced some lag. If your nursery has poor WiFi coverage, consider a WiFi extender or non-WiFi monitor instead.

4. Tapo TP-Link 2K Pan Tilt C210 – Best Budget WiFi Option

I keep recommending the Tapo C210 because it proves you do not need to spend $100+ for excellent baby monitoring. At around $20, it delivers 2K video, full room coverage, and reliable performance that matches cameras costing three times as much.

The 360° horizontal and 114° vertical pan/tilt eliminates blind spots. I mounted one in my nursery corner and can view the entire room, including the changing table and rocking chair. The baby crying detection is surprisingly accurate. I tested it against other cameras and it consistently identified cries versus other noises.

Two-way audio works well for soothing, and the built-in siren can actually be useful for older toddlers who test boundaries. The device sharing feature means both parents can monitor simultaneously from separate phones. My wife and I both get alerts and can check live views independently.

I have used this camera continuously for 18 months without issues. The local SD storage up to 512GB means months of recordings without cloud subscriptions. For basic baby monitoring needs, this is genuinely all most parents require.

Best for First-Time Parents on a Budget

If you are setting up a nursery and watching every dollar, start here. The C210 provides everything essential without cutting corners on quality. It is also ideal as a secondary camera for grandparents’ houses or travel since it is so affordable.

Where It Falls Short

The 2.4GHz-only WiFi can get congested in busy households. If you have many smart devices, you might experience occasional lag. The 15fps frame rate is fine for monitoring but not as smooth as higher-end options. Night vision is black-and-white only, which some parents find less reassuring than color night vision.

5. Tapo 2K Indoor Security Camera C110 – Compact 2K Solution

The Tapo C110 is the fixed-position sibling to the pan/tilt C210. If you know exactly where you want to monitor and do not need camera movement, this saves money while maintaining excellent 2K quality. I use one permanently mounted above my toddler’s bed.

The 110° field of view is wide enough for most crib views when positioned correctly. The continuous recording feature is valuable. Unlike motion-only recording, you capture everything. I have reviewed footage to understand sleep patterns and verify nighttime wake-ups actually happened.

The compact size is genuinely small. It hides easily on a shelf or mounts unobtrusively on a wall. The IP65 waterproof rating is overkill for indoor use but means it handles humid nursery environments well. The playback speed adjustment in the app lets you review hours of footage quickly.

At under $20, this is almost disposable pricing with premium features. I bought three for different rooms and spent less than one premium camera would cost.

Best for Fixed Position Monitoring

If you want a simple, reliable camera for a specific spot, the C110 excels. It is perfect for permanent crib mounting or shelf placement where you do not need pan/tilt capabilities. The continuous recording makes it ideal for sleep training documentation.

When to Choose the C210 Instead

If your baby moves around the room or you want to view multiple areas, the fixed 110° view limits you. The C210’s pan/tilt costs only a few dollars more and provides much more flexibility. I recommend the C110 only when you have a specific, permanent mounting location in mind.

6. VTech VM819 Baby Monitor – Exceptional Battery Life

The VTech VM819 offers something increasingly rare: up to 19 hours of continuous video streaming on a single charge. I tested this claim and got 17 hours with the screen always on, which is still remarkable. Most parent units die after 8-10 hours.

The secure FHSS connection requires no WiFi, apps, or pairing. The camera and parent unit come pre-connected from the factory. I plugged them in and was monitoring within 30 seconds. This simplicity is perfect for grandparents, babysitters, or anyone who struggles with technology.

The starlight night vision produces a clearer image than standard infrared. The picture has less grain and better contrast. The 2.8-inch display fits in a pocket, which I appreciated when doing yard work while my baby napped.

The temperature sensor alerts you if the nursery gets too hot or cold. This feature actually helped us discover our HVAC was not working properly in the nursery vent.

Best for Travel and Simple Operation

The VM819 is my go-to recommendation for travel. It works anywhere without WiFi setup. The long battery means you can monitor during car rides or at locations without convenient outlets. It is also ideal for parents who want zero technical complexity.

Key Limitations

The 480p resolution is noticeably lower than modern standards. You can see your baby clearly, but fine details like breathing patterns are harder to distinguish. The camera has no remote pan/tilt. You must physically adjust the camera angle, which wakes light-sleeping babies. The zoomed-in view shows less of the crib than wider-angle cameras.

7. HelloBaby 4.3” Video Baby Monitor HB6148 – Long-Lasting Battery

The HelloBaby HB6148 solves the battery anxiety that plagues most baby monitor users. The 3500mAh battery delivers 30 hours in ECO mode or 16 hours with the screen always on. I never worry about it dying overnight, even when I forget to charge it.

The 4.3-inch IPS screen provides better color accuracy and viewing angles than standard LCD displays. The remote pan-tilt-zoom means full room control from the parent unit. I can check every corner of the nursery without entering and risking wake-ups.

The ECO mode is genuinely useful. The screen turns off when no sound is detected, then automatically lights up when baby makes noise. This saves enormous battery while ensuring you never miss activity. The included wall mount makes permanent installation easy.

The 1000ft range covers most homes comfortably. I worked in my garage while monitoring my baby upstairs without any connection issues.

Best for Parents Wanting Remote Control Without WiFi

This is the sweet spot for parents who want pan/tilt capabilities without WiFi security concerns. The remote control functionality matches WiFi cameras while maintaining the hack-proof security of FHSS technology.

Considerations

The 480p resolution is the trade-off for this feature set. Picture quality is adequate but not detailed. Some users report volume could be louder, especially in noisy homes. The range, while good, can be affected by thick walls or interference from other 2.4GHz devices.

8. aosu 2K Security Camera Indoor – One-Touch Calling Feature

The aosu C2E stands out with its one-touch call feature. A button on the camera lets older children or caregivers initiate two-way communication with the app. When my toddler learned to press the button, she could call me from her room without a phone.

The 360° horizontal and 155° vertical rotation provides the widest coverage in its class. Combined with auto-tracking, the camera follows your baby as they move around the room. When my daughter started walking, I could track her across the entire nursery without manually adjusting anything.

The 2K QHD resolution produces sharp, detailed images. The night vision reaches 33 feet, covering even large nurseries. The app works well and integrates seamlessly with smart home systems. I view our camera on our Google TV during evening wind-down time.

Local SD card storage means no monthly fees. The camera records continuously or based on motion to your card, and you access footage through the app.

Best for Growing Toddlers and Two-Way Communication

The one-touch call feature makes this ideal as your baby becomes a toddler. It transitions from pure monitoring to communication tool. The wide coverage and tracking work well for mobile children who explore their entire room.

Setup Considerations

The 2.4GHz-only requirement frustrated some users with modern mesh networks. You might need to create a separate 2.4GHz network or temporarily disable band steering during setup. Once connected, it stays connected reliably.

9. VIRTAVO XD1 Indoor Security Camera – Dual-Lens Innovation

The VIRTAVO XD1 offers something no other camera on this list provides: two simultaneous views from one device. The wide-angle lens shows the entire room while the pan/tilt lens tracks and zooms on specific areas. This dual-view capability eliminates the blind spot problem entirely.

When monitoring my baby, I could see the whole nursery context while simultaneously tracking her movements in close-up. This is particularly valuable for active toddlers who move constantly. The motion tracking actually works, following subjects smoothly across the room.

The 256GB SD card support is generous. You can store weeks of footage locally without subscription fees. The 8 infrared LEDs provide strong night vision up to 30 feet. Setup is straightforward with QR code scanning.

The family sharing feature allows multiple household members to monitor simultaneously. Both parents, plus grandparents if desired, can have app access with different permission levels.

Best for Comprehensive Room Coverage

If you want to see everything happening in the nursery without switching views or manually panning, the dual-lens system is genuinely innovative. It provides situational awareness that single-lens cameras cannot match.

Potential Issues

The app occasionally takes longer to load than competitors. Some users report the camera resetting position unexpectedly, though I did not experience this during testing. The one-second audio delay in two-way communication is noticeable but not deal-breaking for most use cases.

10. Kasa 1080p Indoor Pan/Tilt EC70 – Most Popular Choice

With over 32,000 reviews, the Kasa EC70 is the most popular baby monitoring camera for good reason. It consistently delivers reliable performance at a price point that feels like a mistake. I have recommended this to dozens of parents and rarely hear complaints.

The 360° pan and tilt with patrol mode automatically scans the room at intervals. This is useful if your baby moves around or if you are monitoring a play area. The four preset angles let you save specific views. I have presets for crib, changing table, and reading corner.

The Kasa app is polished and reliable. It integrates well with other Kasa smart home devices. You can set automations like turning on a smart light when motion is detected. The 30-foot night vision works well for standard nursery sizes.

I know parents who have used this camera daily for four years without failure. The plug-in design eliminates battery maintenance entirely. At this price, you can buy multiples for different rooms without breaking the budget.

Best for Reliable Basic Monitoring

If you want a proven, reliable camera without premium prices, the EC70 is the safe choice. Its massive user base means firmware updates, app improvements, and community support. This is ideal for parents who value reliability over cutting-edge features.

Known Limitations

The mounting clip requires some force to attach and detach. The 2.4GHz-only WiFi can experience congestion in busy homes. The 15fps frame rate is functional but less smooth than 20fps+ options. Activity alerts require a subscription for advanced features like person detection.

11. TP-Link Tapo 1080P Indoor C100 – #1 Best Seller

The Tapo C100 sits at #1 in Video Baby Monitors for a reason. It delivers essential features at a price that seems impossible. At under $20, you get 1080P video, motion detection, two-way audio, and local storage. This is the camera I recommend to parents who ask for something simple and cheap that actually works.

The 110° field of view is adequate for crib monitoring when positioned correctly. The motion detection sends instant push notifications to your phone. I tested response times and consistently received alerts within 3-5 seconds of movement.

The two-way audio quality surprised me for this price point. While not premium, it is functional for soothing or speaking to older children. The built-in siren is an interesting security feature, though most parents will not use it for nursery monitoring.

The 512GB SD card support is generous for a budget camera. You can record continuously for weeks before filling the card. The Tapo app is well-designed and regularly updated.

Best for Essential Monitoring on Tightest Budget

If every dollar matters, the C100 provides everything you actually need. Skip the WiFi pan/tilt models if budget is tight and get this instead. The video quality is good enough, the features work reliably, and you will not find better value anywhere.

Trade-Offs at This Price

The fixed position means no remote viewing adjustments. You must position it correctly from the start. Cloud storage requires separate subscriptions per camera, which adds up if you buy multiple units. Some users report occasional connection drops requiring a power cycle.

12. Cinnado Security Camera Indoor D1 – 360° 2K Coverage

The Cinnado D1 brings 2K resolution and 360° coverage to the budget segment. At under $15, it is one of the most affordable ways to get high-resolution baby monitoring with full room coverage.

The 320° horizontal pan and tilt capabilities cover virtually any nursery layout. The preset positions let you save specific views and jump between them instantly. I saved presets for the crib, the nursing chair, and the play area.

The 24/7 continuous recording to SD card is valuable for reviewing sleep patterns. The motion detection sends push notifications, though I found it works best when sensitivity is adjusted for your specific room. The built-in siren is more for security use but adds versatility.

The compact size fits easily on shelves or mounts discreetly on walls. The six-meter night vision range covers most standard rooms.

Best for Budget 360° Monitoring

If you want full room coverage without the premium price, the D1 delivers. The 2K resolution is noticeably better than 1080p options at similar prices. It is ideal for parents who want quality footage without spending significantly more.

Motion Detection Quirks

The motion sensitivity requires some tuning. Out of the box, it can be overly sensitive to curtains or light changes. Some features like custom recording intervals require cloud subscription. The basic functionality works great without paying, but advanced features have paywalls.

13. Blink Mini Indoor Camera – Compact and Simple

The Blink Mini is Amazon’s answer to affordable indoor monitoring. It prioritizes simplicity above all else. Plug it in, connect to WiFi through the app, and you are monitoring within minutes. No complex settings, no overwhelming options.

The motion detection zones are genuinely useful. You can define exactly which areas trigger alerts, ignoring ceiling fans or passing car lights through windows. This reduces false notifications significantly.

The Alexa integration works seamlessly with Echo Show devices. Say “Alexa, show me the nursery” and the live feed appears instantly. This hands-free access is convenient when your hands are full with baby.

The compact size fits anywhere. I have seen parents mount these on crib rails, shelves, and even clip them to bookcases. The white and black color options blend with most nursery decors.

Best for Alexa Households and Simple Needs

If you already use Alexa devices, the Blink Mini integrates beautifully. It is perfect for basic monitoring needs where you want reliable motion alerts and occasional live viewing. The simplicity makes it ideal for less tech-comfortable users.

Subscription Reality

Blink pushes its subscription service hard. Without it, you get live view and motion alerts but no cloud storage. For local storage, you need the Sync Module 2, sold separately. Factor this into your total cost. The free trial lasts 30 days, then you will need to pay or accept limited functionality.

14. Tapo 1080P Indoor Pan/Tilt C201 – Black Edition

The Tapo C201 is functionally identical to the popular C210 but comes in black. For parents with dark nursery furniture or who prefer black tech, this is the same excellent camera in a different color.

The 360° horizontal and 114° vertical coverage monitors any standard nursery completely. The baby cry detection distinguishes between baby cries and other noises, sending targeted notifications. I tested this with recordings of various sounds and it accurately identified actual crying.

The privacy mode physically tilts the camera downward when you are home and want privacy. This is more reassuring than software privacy settings that could theoretically fail. The local SD storage supports cards up to 512GB for months of footage.

The Tapo app continues to improve with regular updates. Device sharing allows both parents full access without sharing login credentials.

Best for Dark Nursery Aesthetics

If your nursery has dark furniture or you simply prefer black technology, the C201 delivers the same performance as the white C210. The color choice is purely aesthetic but matters for design-conscious parents.

Minor Quirks

The two-way audio has a slight delay, common in this price range. The camera struggles with extreme backlight from windows. These are minor issues that do not affect core monitoring functionality.

15. Arlo Essential Indoor Camera 2K – Privacy Shield Feature

The Arlo Essential 2K stands out for its automated privacy shield. A physical shutter covers the lens when you want privacy. This is the only camera on this list with a hardware privacy solution, which appeals to security-conscious parents.

The 2K resolution produces crisp, detailed video. The 130° field of view is wider than fixed cameras in its class. The person and animal recognition can distinguish between your baby moving and a pet entering the room.

The setup process is streamlined through the Arlo app. The camera connects quickly and the interface is polished. Real-time motion alerts arrive promptly, and live streaming starts reliably.

The two-way audio works well for soothing or speaking to children. The compact design fits unobtrusively in any nursery.

Best for Privacy-Conscious Parents

If the idea of an always-watching camera makes you uncomfortable, the physical privacy shield provides genuine peace of mind. You can verify it is closed visually. This is ideal for parents who want monitoring capability with absolute privacy control.

Subscription Dependency

Arlo requires a paid subscription for full functionality and cloud storage. There is no local storage option at all. This ongoing cost adds up over time. Some users report connectivity issues and buffering, particularly after the free trial expires. Consider the total cost of ownership before purchasing.

How to Choose the Best Indoor Security Camera for Baby Monitoring

After testing dozens of cameras and helping hundreds of parents choose, I have identified the key decision points that matter most. Here is what you should consider before purchasing.

WiFi vs Non-WiFi Baby Monitors

This is your first major decision. WiFi cameras offer smartphone viewing, remote access from anywhere, and typically higher video quality. You can check on baby while at work or traveling. However, they depend on internet connectivity and carry theoretical hacking risks, though reputable brands use strong encryption.

Non-WiFi monitors use dedicated radio frequencies like FHSS. They are completely hack-proof since they never connect to the internet. The parent unit works without any network. However, you lose remote viewing capability and typically get lower video resolution. You also cannot check on baby from outside the home.

My recommendation: Choose WiFi if you value remote viewing and modern features. Choose non-WiFi if security is your absolute top priority or if your home has unreliable internet.

Video Quality and Resolution

Resolution matters more than you might think for baby monitoring. Higher resolution lets you see breathing patterns, verify eye movement during sleep, and spot potential problems from a distance.

4K is excellent but overkill for most parents. It demands significant storage space and bandwidth. 2K (1440p) hits the sweet spot of detail without excessive storage needs. 1080p is adequate for basic monitoring. 480p, common in non-WiFi monitors, shows your baby but lacks detail for breathing verification.

Night vision quality varies enormously. Look for cameras with infrared LEDs specifically designed for low-light performance. Some premium options offer color night vision, which is genuinely helpful for assessing skin tone and breathing.

Subscription vs Local Storage

The hidden cost of baby monitors is often storage. Cloud storage requires monthly subscriptions, typically $3-15 per month depending on features. This adds up to $36-180 per year, every year.

Local storage using microSD cards has no ongoing costs. You buy the card once and record indefinitely. The trade-off is that if someone steals the camera, they take the footage too. Cloud storage survives camera theft or damage.

I personally prefer local storage for nursery monitoring. The privacy of keeping footage in my home outweighs the theft risk. Most cameras with local storage still offer optional cloud subscriptions if you want both.

Key Features That Actually Matter

Two-way audio lets you soothe baby without entering the room. It becomes more useful as your child grows and you can talk them through minor upsets remotely.

Pan and tilt capabilities allow one camera to monitor the entire room. Fixed cameras work fine if positioned correctly but cannot adapt as your baby moves or your monitoring needs change.

Motion and sound detection should send notifications to your phone or parent unit. The best systems distinguish between types of movement and sounds, reducing false alerts.

Temperature monitoring alerts you if the nursery becomes too hot or cold. This feature helped me discover our HVAC issues before they became serious problems.

Privacy and Security Considerations

For WiFi cameras, change default passwords immediately. Use strong, unique passwords for camera apps. Enable two-factor authentication whenever available. Keep camera firmware updated.

Consider camera placement carefully. Position to monitor the crib without capturing areas where older children or adults might have privacy expectations. Some cameras include privacy modes that disable recording during specified hours.

For maximum security, choose cameras with local storage that do not require internet connectivity. Non-WiFi monitors provide the highest security level, trading convenience for absolute privacy.

Frequently Asked Questions

Final Thoughts

Choosing the best indoor security cameras for baby monitoring depends on your specific priorities. After testing these 15 options extensively, I am confident there is a perfect match for every family’s needs and budget.

If you want premium quality without ongoing costs, the eufy Security 4K E30 is my top recommendation. For absolute security without WiFi, the HelloBaby HB6550 delivers exceptional performance. Budget-conscious parents will find everything they need in the Tapo C210 or C110.

Remember that the most expensive camera is not always the best for your situation. A $20 camera that you actually use provides more value than a $200 camera that frustrates you. Consider your technical comfort level, internet reliability, and whether you need remote viewing before making your choice.

The right baby monitor will help you sleep better, worry less, and enjoy more peaceful nights during those precious early years. Whichever camera you choose from this list, you are investing in peace of mind that is worth every penny.